Brian W. Shaffer - "Progress and Civilization and All the Virtues" III(226-230)

[정리]

[새퍼의 이 논문은 접근이 안 되어 애를 먹었는데, 결국에는 내가 좀 더 적극적으로 노력을 안 한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 어쨌거나 목요일에 이 논문에 접속할 수 있었고, 그 덕택에 다른 몇 논문도 읽을 수 있게 되어 논문이 좀 더 풍성해지는데 도움이 될 듯하다.]

새퍼의 이 논문은 [진보]를 [어둠]의 원텍스트로 보고 두 작품의 공통점과 차이점을 상세하게 논의하고 있다는 점에서 큰 도움이 된다. 제국주의나 진보의 개념에 대한 비판과 함께, 언어가 지닌 표리부동성 내지는 이중성(duplicity)을 폭로함으로써 당대 담론을 해체하고 있다는 것이 이 논문의 중심 테제이다. 하지만 전체적으로 새퍼는 콘래드를 옹호하는 쪽으로 편중되어 있어서 아체베의 지적이 갖는 의의를 지나치게 평가절하한다. 그런 점에서는 호킨스(Hunt Hawkins)의 논문의 시각이 균형이 잡힌 것이 아닌가 한다.  

[인용]

(226) gift of expresseion - the bewildering, the illuminating, the most exalted and the most contemptible, the pulsating stream of light or the deceitful flow from the heart of an impenetrable darkness.

(The point was in his being a gifted creature, and that of all his gifts the one that stood out pre-eminently, that carried with it a sense of real presence, was his ability to talk, his words—the gift of ｅxpression, the bewildering, the illuminating, the most exalted and the most contemptible, the pulsating stream of light, or the deceitful flow from the heart of an impenetrable darkness.) 

- linguistic duplicity(표리부동) [이중성]

1) Sierra Leon Black - Makola : maintained that his name wa Henry Price

2) K & C - two pioneers of trade and progress

3) the Murdered C - died of fever

- Jerry Wasserman : 언어의 기능 방식 : paradoxical medium

- It comes to be defined as that which conceals, and at the same time that which reveals itself as that which conceals. (112) [Narrative Presence]

- the gap between word and deed

(They believed their words. 

They believed their words. Everybody shows a respectful deference to certain sounds that he and his fellows can make. But about feelings people really know nothing. We talk with indignation or enthusiasm; we talk about oppression, cruelty, crime, devotion, self-sacrifice, virtue, and we know nothing real beyond the words. Nobody knows what suffering or sacrifice mean--except, perhaps the victims of the mysterious purpose of these illusions.

[감정과 관련된 부분은 무의식과 연관시켜 생각해 볼 수 있다. 이 부분도 생각을 좀 더 밀고 나가볼 것]

227) It takes a small-scale narrative to show the master's hand (Letters 1, 124)

- a thoroughgoing criticque of the idea of civilization.

- HD: one more popular exotic story of the 1890s (Ruppel, Richard - HD and the Popular exotic stories of the 1890s)

(one more "extravagant mystery"(HD) of a civilized individual's encounter with a "savage" land.

- 청자들 a beneficiary of colonialism

- That Marlow's story has "inspired" only a "faint uneasiness": 바깥 화자가 말로의 이야기를 단순한 모험 이야기로 생각했을 수도 있음.

[이 부분은 동의하기 힘들다. 말로의 이야기의 특징. 말로의 이야기에 귀기울임.]

(228)블랙우드 잡지와 독자

 Watts - clubmen's and travellers' magazine

 Watt - traditional in its literary tastes (and) conservative and masculine in tone 

- 커닝엄 그래험에게 보낸 편지에서 의미를 놓치는 부분이 있을 것이라고 말하는 것. 

- [당대 사람들] HD - a conformist adventure romance rather than a challenging critique of culture.

- [현재] 제국주의에 대한 비판 - Conrad's broader, subtler, and more penetrating analysis를 가림.

- the ways in which the "adventurous spirit" represented in HD is revealed there to be morally and intellectually dishonest. 

- one of those deadly "lies" Marlow chatters on about but fails to evade completely himself.

[거짓말을 단순하게 부정적으로만 보는 것도 재고의 여지가 있음.]

(229) 인종주의적 언어

- Indeed, the very language of racism--the rheroric by which European Whites distinguish themselves from African Blacks--is all but dismantled there, however much it is also invoked as a popular cliche in need of debunking. 

[당시 통용되던 인종주의적인 용어들을 차용한 것이 인종주의를 해체하기 위한 것이라는 말이 되는데, 이 부분도 더 생각할 필요가 있음.]

- And while it is doubtless true that Conrad could not have transcended the Victorian mindset on the question of race, it is equally true that he was no mere prisoner of it. After all, it is Kurtz, and not any African, who possesses the darkest heart in HD; it is "All Europe," and not Africa, that has "contributed to the making of Kurtz." 

- Achebe - "to set people against people" (an Image of Africa) : 오독

-  We have met the enemy and he is us.

[Shaffer는 콘래드를 지나치게 옹호하고 있다.]