Philip D. Curtin - The Image of Africa. The University of Wisconsin Press. 1964

(9) The imgae of "darkest Africa," either as an ｅxpression of geographical ignorance, or as one of cultural arrogance, was a nineteenth-century invention.

(42) I am apt to suspect the negroes and in general all other species of men (for there are four or five different kinds) to be naturally inferior to the whites. There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white, nor even any individual eminent either in action or speculation. No ingenious manufactures amongst them, no arts, no sciences. on the other hand, the most rude and barbarous of the whites, such as the ancient GERMANS, the present TARTARS, have still something eminent about them in their valour, form of government, or some other particular. Such a uniform and constant differences could not happen in so many countries and ages, if nature had not made an original distinction betwixt these breeds of men. Not to mention our colonies, there are Negroe slaves dispersed all over Europe, of which none ever discovered any symptoms of ingenuity, tho' low people, without education, will start up amonst us, and distinguish themselves in every profession. In JAMAICA indeed they talk of one negroe as a man of parts and learning; but 'tis likely he is admired for very slender accomplishments like a parrot, who speaks a few words plainly. (David Hume) Of National Character [인터넷에서 좀 더 첨가]

Such a uniform and constant difference could not happen, in so many countries and ages, if nature had not made an origianal distiction betwixt these breeds of men.