Monomotapa [Kingdom of Mutapa, Mutapa Empire](Wiki)

- a Zezuru(Shona 어의 하나) kingdom which was centered in the Zambezi valley in what are the modern states of northern Zimbabwe, north western Mozambique and south eastern Zambia

-  Here on the Zambezi valley they found the Zezuru of the Mwene Mutapa kingdom which was already weakened by Portuguese incursions and they overran it. Continued attacks by the Portuguese and Arab traders forced the Kalanga to abandon this state and move back south. They found their relatives at Khami and a fight broke out. Khami was burnt but they later found peace and ruled side by side at Nalatale and Danangombe. They were later conquered by the Ngunis. However, the exact location of the capital of this supposedly great kingdom is not known even up to today. 

(그레이트 짐바브웨의 붕괴로 생성된 국가)

Etymology

- The Portuguese term Monomotapa is a transliteration of the African royal title Mwenemutapa meaning prince of the realm

History

- The origins of the ruling dynasty at Mutapa go back to some time in the first half of the 15th century

- Nyatsimba Mutota (제1대 왕)

Expansion

- By the time the Portuguese arrived on the coast of Mozambique, the Mutapa Kingdom was the premier Shona state in the region. He raised a strong army which conquered the Dande area that is Tonga and Tavara. The empire had reached its full extent by the year 1480 a mere 50 years following its creation.

(영토를 확장하면 전성기를 구가)

Religion

The Emperor Mutope had left the empire with a well-organised religion with a powerful priesthood. The religion of the Mutapa kingdom revolved around ritual consultation of spirits and of royal ancestors. Shrines were maintained within the capital by spirit mediums known as mhondoro. The mhondoro also served as oral historians recording the names and deeds of past kings.

Portuguese contact

- The Portuguese finally entered into direct relations with the Mwenemutapa in the 1560s.They recorded a wealth of information about the Mutapa kingdom as well as its predecessor, Great Zimbabwe

The accidental crusade

- In 1561, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary managed to make his way into the Mwenemutapa's court and convert him to Christianity.This did not go well with the Muslim merchants in the capital, and they persuaded the king to kill the Jesuit only a few days after the former's baptism.

Decline and collapse

- 금 생산으로 경제를 잘 유지했으나, 내부 갈등으로 쇠망.

Portuguese control

Shifting rulers

Independence and move from Zimbabwe

- 세력이 약해지면서 포르투갈의 지배에 놓이거나, 신흥 강국의 지배를 받다가 다시 독립

- Mutapa regained its independence around 1720. By this time, the kingdom of Mutapa had lost nearly all of the Zimbabwe plateau to the Rozwi Empire

Collapse

- The Mwenemutapa died in 1759, sparking yet another civil war for the throne. This one was more destructive than its predecessors and Mutapa never recovered. The "winners" ended up governing an even more reduced land from Chidima. They used the title Mambo a Chidima and ruled independently of Portugal until 1917 when Mambo Chioko, the last king of the dynasty, was killed in battle against the Portuguese. 

Mutapa as Ophir

- a belief that Mwenemutapa held the legendary mines of King Solomon, referred to in the Bible as Ophir

- The belief that the mines were inside the Mwenemutapa kingdom in southern Africa was one of the factors that led to the Portuguese exploration of the hinterland of Sofala in the 16th century, and this contributed to early development of Mozambique, as the legend was widely used among the less educated populace to recruit colonists. Some documents suggest that most of the early colonists dreamed of finding the legendary city of gold in southern Africa, a belief mirroring the early South American colonial search for El Dorado and quite possibly inspired by it. Early trade in gold came to an end as the mines ran out, and the deterioration of the Mutapa state eliminated the financial and political support for further developing sources of gold