The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore
[인용]
Chapter IV. Colonists and Conquerors
(81) 제국주의의 비판가들 - Humanitarian critics / Inherited English distaste
(82) He has little sympathy for the indigenous forms of social life: native rulers are predatory and rapacious (like the leaders of "civilized" states, he also suggests), and tribal history is an almost uninterrupted record of war and enslaving or enslavement. The coming of the whites, however, only makes things worse: the primitive social order is reduced to anarchy.
- As for the moral effects of colonial rule on the Europeans, their participation in imperialist ventures tends to decivilized, dehumanize, and destroy them because of their severance from the organic ties of their own social community.
Civilization and Barbarism
(83) 아랍일들과의 경쟁에서 올메이어가 실패하는 것 [올메이어]와 [섬들의 추방자] 등을 다룬 부분은 나중에 다시 읽고 정리.
1) a defect of character
2) economic and political forces more powerful than he
(84) he is a Dutchman looking to the British to end the unfair competition of a British subject(Abdulla) sanctioned by the Dutch.
- Conrad's version of the social contract myth.
the state of nature gives way to a village community which, though minimal, harmonizs the conflicting interests of the varied tribes; the appearance of a "higher" civilization has the effect of creating a more sophisticated anarchy, a legarlized despotism which becomes the characteristic form of native society under imeperialism.
(89) The Rescue
- the conflict of loyalties to political associates and to racial "equals"
- just as Dutch policy is inhuman because of its non-interference in onerous native rule, the British style of intervention in factional intrigues and of military action in native wars--the style practived by Lingard--leads with equal inevitability to social disorder.
- the disruptive effects of imperialism
(90) Conrad's African tales, even more than his Asian ones, demonstrate that the contact of Europeans and natives encourages the submerged barbarism of the superficially civilized whites to express itself by genocide. Not only are the natives stirred by up the rapacious policies of the imperialist, but the whites become more savage than the "savages."
[이런 부분은 인종주의적인 편견을 그대로 노정시키고 있다. 아프리카라는 땅이 백인들의 잠재된 야만성을 부추기는 그런 공간으로 작용한다는 말이 얼마나 우스운 말인가?]
(91) detribalized natives / detribalization
- their retrogression to atrocities and warfare is only one effect of imperialism. Perhaps even a more profound disruption is the process of uprooting them from their tribal patterns of life and fitting them--awkwardly and ultimately unsuccessfully--onto the patterns of white society.
(92) the ideal society = a genuine community
[문명화된 사회. 유럽 사회의 현실
- the societies of European nation show themselves to be shabby approximations, but they do hold together and give the individual some relief from his anarchi propensities.
(93) These 'strange needs" of the state bureaucracy and army. . . require a suppression of personality especially marked in the modern state by its comprehensive, prison-like rigor. Conrad is prophetic in his awareness of the modern state's tendency to develop into demogogic totalitarianism, based on the anonimity of the "mass man"
[이 부분은 한나 아렌트의 글과 이어진다. 이 부분을 연결시켜서 글을 써볼 수 있을 듯.]
- Conrad's portrayal of imperialism is . . . tied up with a critique of the political communities which engage in it. Making excessive, though comforting, claims on the individulas who compose them, they render men incapable of autonomy outside them.
egregious