David Livingstone(1813-73)

Early life

- 스코틀랜드 출신. 노동자 계급. (방직 공장에서 일함)

Education

- 의학, 신학 공부

- London Missionary Society

- 그에 대한 평가 : "worthy but remote from brilliant" (신학 교육을 받을 당시)

Despite his impressive personality, he was a plain preacher described by Cecil as "worthy but remote from brilliant

- 의사 자격증 획득 (1840)

Vision for Africa

- 원래 중국 선교를 생각했으나, 아편 전쟁으로 포기.

- 아프리카 선교 활동을 하는 사람들의 영향

-In 1840, while continuing his medical studies in London, Livingstone met LMS missionary Robert Moffat, on leave from Kuruman, a missionary outpost in South Africa, north of the Orange River. He was excited by Moffat's vision of expanding missionary work northwards, and he was also influenced by abolitionist T.F. Buxton's arguments that the African slave trade might be destroyed through the influence of "legitimate trade" and the spread of Christianity. Livingstone, therefore, focused his ambitions on Southern Africa.

(노예 무역을 합법적인 무역으로) (기독교의 전파)

- 아프리카에서 사자의 공격을 받아 큰 부상을 입기도 함

Exploration of southern and central Africa

- 처음에는 아프리카 인들을 개종하는데 별 소득이 없었음.

-  At Kolobeng Mission Livingstone converted Chief Sechele in 1849 after two years of patient persuasion, but only a few months later Sechele lapsed

- 장기적으로 볼 때 아프리카를 탐사하는 것이 교역과 선교에 더욱 도움이 될 것이라는 생각.

(the best long-term chance for successful evangelising was to open up Africa to European plunderers and missionaries by mapping and navigating its rivers which might then become "Highways" into the interior.^[)

- Zambezi 강 탐사

- 빅토리아 폭포를 보고 영국식으로 명명. (the Mosi-o-Tunya ("the smoke that thunders") waterfall

- 아프리카 대륙 횡단(1854-56) Luanda(앙골라) - Zambezi(모잠비크) 

[질병 - 말라리아, 이질, 수면병 [기면성 뇌염]

- 리빙스턴은 소규모의 인원으로 이동(스탠리와 대조되는 면)

- Livingstone advocated the establishment of trade and religious missions in central Africa, but abolition of the African slave trade, as carried out by the Portuguese of Tete and the Arab Swahili of Kilwa, became his primary goal

(3 C  "Christianity, Commerce and Civilization", a combination that he hoped would form an alternative to the slave trade, and impart dignity to the Africans in the eyes of Europeans

- Livingstone believed that he had a spiritual calling for exploration to find routes for commercial trade which would displace slave trade routes, rather than for preaching.

- 선교사로서의 역할보다 탐사에 더욱 치중

Zambezi expedition

-The expedition lasted from March 1858 until the middle of 1864. Expedition members recorded that Livingstone was an inept leader incapable of managing a large-scale project.

[잠베지 강에는 폭포와 급류 때문에 배를 이용할 수 없는 곳이 많음]

- his physician John Kirk : "I can come to no other conclusion than that Dr Livingstone is out of his mind and a most unsafe leader"

- Mary Livingstone arrived along with the boat. She died on 27 April 1862 from malaria and Livingstone continued his explorations

(아내의 죽음)

- 정부의 지원을 받고 탐사를 계속했지만 적절한 루트를 개척하는데는 실패

Nile River

- 나일 강의 수원을 찾으러 애씀

- 건강이 악화되어 노예 교역상들과 함께 이동하지 않을 수 없었다는 부분은 아이러니. forced by ill health to travel with slave traders

- Upon finding the Lualaba River, Livingstone theorised that it could have been the high part of the Nile River; but realised that it in fact flowed into the River Congo at Upper Congo Lake.

- On 15 July 1871,^[20] he witnessed around 400 Africans being massacred by slavers while visiting Nyangwe on the banks of the Lualaba River.^[21] The massacre horrified Livingstone, leaving him too shattered to continue his mission to find the source of the Nile

Geographical discoveries

- Livingstone was wrong about the Nile, but he identified numerous geographical features for Western science, such as Lake Ngami, Lake Malawi, and Lake Bangweulu, in addition to Victoria Falls mentioned above. He filled in details of Lake Tanganyika, Lake Mweru, and the course of many rivers, especially the upper Zambezi, and his observations enabled large regions to be mapped which previously had been blank

- Livingstone was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London and was made a Fellow of the society, with which he had a strong association for the rest of his life.

Stanley meeting

- Livingstone completely lost contact with the outside world for six years and was ill for most of the last four years of his life

- 스탠리와의 만남.

Henry Morton Stanley had been sent to find him by the New York Herald newspaper in 1869. He found Livingstone in the town of Ujiji on the shores of Lake Tanganyika on 10 November 1871,^[25] greeting him with the now famous words "Dr Livingstone, I presume?" Livingstone responded, "Yes", and then "I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you." These famous words may have been a fabrication, as Stanley later tore out the pages of this encounter in his diary.

Christianity and Sechele

-  Livingstone was known through a large part of Africa for treating the natives with respect, and the tribes that he visited returned his respect with faith and loyalty.

- After Livingstone left the Kwena tribe, Sechele remained faithful to Christianity and led missionaries to surrounding tribes as well as converting nearly his entire Kwena people

Death

- David Livingstone died in 1873 at the age of 60 in Chief Chitambo's village at Ilala, southeast of Lake Bangweulu, in present-day Zambia, from malaria and internal bleeding due to dysentery

Livingstone and slavery

- And if my disclosures regarding the terrible Ujijian slavery should lead to the suppression of the East Coast slave trade, I shall regard that as a greater matter by far than the discovery of all the Nile sources together.

— Livingstone in a letter to the editor of the New York Herald

- Livingstone's letters, books, and journals^[19] did stir up public support for the abolition of slavery;^[1] however, he became dependent for assistance on the very slave-traders whom he wished to put out of business. 

Legacy

- He was held in some esteem by many African chiefs and local people and his name facilitated relations between them and the British

- Partly as a result, within 50 years of his death, colonial rule was established in Africa, and white settlement was encouraged to extend further into the interior. However, what Livingstone envisaged for "colonies" was not what we now know as colonial rule, but rather settlements of dedicated Christian Europeans who would live among the people to help them work out ways of living that did not involve slavery