헨리 M. 스탠리 - 콩고와 콩고 자유국의 설립(Henry M. Stanley - The Congo and the Founding of its Free State). 1885

[발췌]

(앞부분)

Most Respectfully Dedicated to

HIS MAJESTY LEOPOLD II

THE KING OF THE BELGIANS,
THE GENEROUS 3I0XARCH WHO SO XOBLY COXCEIVED, ABLY COSDUCTED, AXD MUSIFICENTLT SUSTAINED THE ENTERPRISE WHICH HAS OBTAINED THE RECOGNITION OF ALL THE GREAT POWERS OF THE WORLD, AND HAS ENDED IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONGO STATE:
AND ALSO TO ALL THOSE GENTLEMEN WHO ASSISTED HIM BY THEIR ZEALOUS SERVICE, TALENTS, MEAXS, AND SYMPATHY, TO REALISE THE UNIQUE PJBOJECT OF FORMING A FREE COMMERCIAL STATE IN EQUATORIAL AFRICA,
BY THEIR HUMBLE AND OBEDIENT SERVANT,
THE AUTHOR

[Preface] (처음에 발췌한 것)

 - Preface

(vi) " I feel convinced that the question of this mighty
water-way will become a political one in time. As yet,
however, no European Power seems to have put forth
the right of control. Portugal claims it because she discovered its mouth ; but the great Powers—England, Am.erica, and France—refuse to recognise her right. If it were not that I fear to damp any interest you may
have in Africa, or in this magnilicent stream, by the length of my letters, I could show you very strong reasons why it would be a politic deed to settle this
momentous question immediately. I could prove to
you that the Power possessing the Congo, despite the
cataracts, would absorb to itself the trade of the whole
of the enormous basin behind. This river is and will
be the grand highway of commerce to "West Central
Africa."

(vi) you have given an impulse to scientific and
philanthrojDic enterprise which M-ill have a material
effect on the progress of the world (Gambetta, French Stateman)

(viii) Hundreds of
raw European youths have been launched into the
heart of the "murderous continent," and the further
inland we sent them the more they improved in
physique.

(ix) There only remain the great river basins to be
exploited commercially ; the principal of which are the
Congo, Nile, Niger, and Shari. But these require
railways to connect their upper basins with the sea.
Until railways are constructed it is useless to suppose
that any remunerative trade can be made.

(xv) I now commit my work to the public, in the hope
that it will efi'ect a happy change for Africa, and give
a greater impetus to the true civilising influences
which are seen in the advancement of commerce and
in the vitality of Christian missions.

[Preface]

vi) I could prove to
you that the Power possessing the Congo, despite the
cataracts, would absorb to itself the trade of the whole
of the enormous basin behind. This river is and will
be the grand highway of commerce to "West Central
Africa." (1877)

[Dark Continent의 신화가 스탠리로부터 시작되었다는 것은 명백하다. 그가 쓴 책 제목이기도 하다]

- Not
only, sir, have you ojDened up a new Continent to our
view, but you have given an impulse to scientific and
philanthrojDic enterprise which M-ill have a material
effect on the progress of the world.  Gambetta, the great French statesman

vii) 기독교 선교사들도 아프리카 주민들을 개종시키기 위해 노력

--) 아프리카가 유럽 열강들에 대해 식민 분할된 상황을 열거하는 부분 잘 볼 것.

viii) Hundreds of
raw European youths have been launched into the
heart of the "murderous continent," and the further
inland we sent them the more they improved in
physique.

[아프리카의 무더위, 풍토병 등으로 많은 사람들이 죽었다는 것은 기정 사실인데도 건강이 좋아졌다고 이야기하는 것은 거짓 혹은 과장]

ix) On the Congo
we have the great Dutch Company, Hatton and Cookson, and Daumas, Beraud & Co., who have pushed
their way up to the foot of the cataracts

[콩고도 벌써 많이 개발되었음을 알 수 있음. 폭포가 스탠리(보요마) 폭포를 가리키는 것인지 궁금하다.]

- 아프리카의 동부 해안은 아랍, 힌두교도, 반얀(Banyan 벵골 인)에 의해서 이미 선점당한 상태 

xi) 아프리카 강유역을 개발하면 막대한 이익이 따를 것임을 강조. [상업성의 강조가 두드러짐]

xii) The information so painfully
and so patiently acquired is for the benefit of those
natives of Europe who can read and are interested not
only in Africa, but in the commercial prosperity of the
world.

xiii) Captain Thys - Thys는 일찍부터 콩고 사업에 참여하고 있었음을 알 수 있다.

xiv) There is a law of Nature which has decreed that
a man must work. The Divine law declares that only
by the sweat of his brow shall a man eat bread. There
is a law pretty generally recognised among the ad
vanced nations, that every honest labourer is worthy
of his hire, but only the conspicuously meritorious
deserve special commendation.

[every honest labourer is worthy of his hire라는 부분은 HD에도 그대로 나온다. 콘래드가 이 책 또한 읽었음을 짐작하게 하는 구절이다.]

the laborer is worthy of his hire.  이 부분은 누가복음 10장 7절에 원래 나오는 말이기도 하다. (이 앞부분은 예전에 읽었던 모양이다.) [2017년에 읽었음.]

xv) The
principal stations between Yivi and Stanley Falls have
been finally fixed after several observations taken at each place during my six years' mission.

[영토의 지리를 확정하고 식민지화하는 과정. 콘래드가 Geography에서 하는 이야기가 순진함을 보여줌.]

- I now commit my work to the public, in the hope
that it will efi'ect a happy change for Africa, and give
a greater impetus to the true civilising influences
which are seen in the advancement of commerce and
in the vitality of Christian missions

[C1] Previous History of the Congo

1) 콩고 강 어귀의 발견(서구인) - 포르투갈(1485-6) / the kingdom of Congo이야기도 나온다.

2) Zaire - I Know라는 뜻? / "강"이라는 뜻.

6) Captain Tuckey - So confined indeed is our knowledge of the course of this remarkable river that the only chart of it which can have any pretension to accuracy does not extend above 130 miles, and
the correctness of this survey, as it is called, is more than questionable.

[19세기 초반까지도 콩고 강의 내부는 유럽 인들에게 알려지지 않음.]

[C2]

(11) 스탠리의 태도에는 아프리카 원주민이나 그들의 국가를 존중하는 면이 보이지 않는다. 주인이 없는 땅인 듯 유럽인이 정복하면 되는 그런 곳으로 그려지고 있다.

- The river that derives its name from the ancient kingdom was generally known as its northern boundary

13) 1873 ; Grandy 중위 - San Salvador 지역에 유적만 남아 있고. 기독교도 믿지 않음.

(According to his account he found nothing but ruins, and a pagan ignorance of everything bearing the least semblance of civilisation)

18) International Association - 원주민 추장들과 400개 이상의 조약을 맺음. (추장들이 별다른 권한이 없다는 것을 알 수 있음.)

[중앙 정부의 권력이 지방에까지 제대로 미치지 않는 구조. 각 마을은 어느 정도 독자적인 목소리를 내는가?]

[C3] The Sequal to the Book, 'Through the Dark Continent.'

(21) King Leopold intended to undertake to do something substantial for Africa, and that I was expected to assist him. (1878년에 첫 번째 아프리카 탐사 마침)

(26) Comite d'Etudes du Haut Congo

(27) I was to erect stations accodring to the means frunished along the overland route. . [주재소 건설 문제]

(29) [스탠리의 편지] For the most part it is people by ferocious savages, devoted to abominable cannibalism and wanton murder of inoffensive people. 

(30) there dwell numerous amiable tribes. [유럽 상인들을 환영하는 온순한 부족도 있음] 유럽 물품들을 좋아하는 이 부족들에 대한 이야기 부분 주목할 것.

- The many times that I have made blood-brotherhood with the chiefs above

- 목적 ; philanthropic, scientifi, commercial

- weaning the tribes below and above from that savage and suspicious state [weaning those ignorant  millons from their horrid ways] 이 부분도 콘래드가 스탠리의 글에서 영향을 받지 않았나 하는 의심을 하게끔 한다.

- white men near the sea wait to extend a courteous welcome to the dark strangers from the interior

[일단 중단]