Kevin Grant. The Congo Free State and the New Imperialism. 2017. (3)

11. Antoine Boongo  - Oral History regarding the Arrival of European Officers and Missionaries at Wangat in the Equateur District ca. 1883-1896

56) 유럽인 - wandering spirits of dead ancestors

57) We did not give it to them for free; they paid five vessels of cowries and beads, and six pieces of ifulunkoi fabric. 

- [스탠리 등이 지역민의 닭을 잡아 먹음. 후임자에게 닭에 대해서 묻자]

-they hit her with a stick on the bridge of her nose and she died. 

58) If they do not want to produce rubber, you must bring me the hands of the people you killed.

- So many people were killed that blood was one meter high; it came up to the thighs.

- 주 13. State forces conducted a massacre in this village in October 1896 in reprisal for a shortfall in rubber.

59. Balofo Is'a Mboyo and Ekombe Is'ek'ombolar - Oral History regarding the Arrival of Whites at Ikau in the Wquateur District ca. 1889-1896

62) 할당량을 못 채운 사람들을 쏘아 죽임.

60. Brun Hafala - Oral History regarding Events on the Maringa River in the Equateur District ca. 1899-1901

64) While we were weighing the rubber, we were fighting: they with guns, we with arrows.  

14. Nicolas Afolembe - Oral History regarding Conditions in the Equateur District ca. 1885-1908

(67) 고무 할당량을 못 채우면 채찍질을 하고 감옥에 넣음

(68) The one who harvested the least was killed. Thus many people died.

(69) 원주민과 식민주의자들 싸이의 전투 - 게릴라전의 양상

15. The Reverend John Murphy Testimony November 18, 1895

71) The attitude of the natives of the Congo Free Stae is everywhere unfriendly, and if the people do not universally rebel against authority it is because they are reduced to a state of despair. 번성하던 타운들도 몰락.

- The people were so enraged at these outrages that they took matters into their own hands. They killed three white men and met and defeated the State forces in more than one pitched engagement.

72) 백인을 죽이는 일이 발생하자 1890명 사살.

73)The officers of the State are young and inexperienced; they do not come out as colonists to develop the country, but in order that they may receive quick promotion, the Congo decoration, and, above all, to get money.

74) 고무를 획득한 양에 따라 수수료를 받기 때문에 더욱 악착같이 모으려 함.

16. The Reverend E. V. Sjoblom

75) M. Wahis rose from his chair, saying, "Oh, then it is all over Europe." Then for the first time he said that the responsible commissaire must be punished.

76) [Sentinels] were simply the commissaire's tools, and liable to be put to death for killing others, as a means of justifying himself.

17. Governor-General Theophile Wahis - Letter to the Editor May 31, 1897

78) it is downright dishonesty to represent the agents of the State as inhuman and cruel to the native populations.

79) The mutilation of corpses is a custom that exists or has existed in almost every part of Africa. A warrior brings in hands or heads which he has cut off as a proof of his valour. 

82) I am proud to say that the officers in the Congo service have maintained their claims to esteem and respect

18. Circular to All District Commissioners, Heads of Zones and of Posts [of the Congo Free State], with Regard to Barbarous Customs Prevailing among the Native Tribes Feb 27, 1897

84) 식인 풍습 계도

19. Federation for the Defense of Belgian Interest Abroad - Texation of the Natives Feb 15, 1905

87) Taxation in this colony . . . amounts to nothing more than scarcely disguised proceeding employed with the view of providing British contractors with labour. 

88) If an agent who was expected to render good service, degenerates in the midst of isolation and under the African climate . . . the Government cannot . . . be held responsible.  

20. John Hobson from Imperialism: A Study 1902

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